Evaluación de la variación somaclonal en vitroplantas de caña de azúcar mediante marcadores moleculares
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micropropagaciónResumen
El cultivo in vitro de tejidos vegetales puede producir variación somaclonal, fenómeno que consiste en modificaciones genéticas en las células y tejidos cultivados. Esto puede limitar la aplicación de dicha técnica para la micropopagación masiva, especialmente si la variación provoca un cambio fenotípico de importancia agronómica. En este trabajo se optimizó una metodología basada en la comparación de perfiles de marcadores moleculares AFLP (del inglés “Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism”), para la detección de la variación somaclonal en vitroplantas de caña de azúcar. Para la optimización de la técnica de AFLP en caña de azúcar, se utilizaron plantas de seis genotipos propagados convencionalmente y dos tipos de muestras: hojas tiernas y meristemas. La variación somaclonal fue evaluada en líneas de vitroplantas de los mismos genotipos al final del cultivo in vitro, luego de seis meses de micropropagación. Con las 19 combinaciones de cebadores utilizadas, se diferenciaron los perfiles moleculares de los seis genotipos. En los plantines micropropagados se detectaron perfiles diferenciales en las variedades LCP85-384 y TUCCP77-42 con 3 de las 19 combinaciones de cebadores utilizadas. Este resultado muestra la validez de la técnica para detectar variantes somaclonales, y deja en evidencia la diferencia de susceptibilidad de los genotipos al cultivo in vitro. Esto permitió ajustar la metodología de micropropagación para cada genotipo multiplicado y asegurar la pureza genética de cada vitroplanta.
ABSTRACT
Evaluation of somaclonal variation in in vitro produced sugarcane plants through molecular markers
In vitro culture of plant tissue can produce somaclonal variation, which consists of genetic modifications in cultured cells and tissues. This may constrain the use of this technique in massive micropopagation, especially if such change causes an agronomically relevant phenotypical modification. In this work, a methodology based on the comparison of AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) molecular marker profiles was developed for detecting somaclonal variation in in vitro propagated sugarcane plants. To optimize AFLP technique application to sugarcane plants, six conventionally propagated genotypes and two types of samples (tender leaves and meristems) were used. Somaclonal variation was determined in micropropagated lines of these genotypes after six months of micropropagation. Molecular profile differentiation of the selected genotypes was achieved with 19 primer combinations. Differential profiles were detected in LCP85-384 and TUCCP77-42 micropropagated lines with 3 of the 19 primer combinations. This result demonstrated that the technique can be used to detect somaclonal variants and that there are different susceptibility levels to in vitro culture among genotypes. Therefore, micropropagation methodology was adjusted to each multiplied genotype so as to ensure genetic purity of in vitro propagated plants.
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